Tasks

Thermal Noise is Additive White Gaussian

Instructions
  • This experiment shows how the random motion of \(N\) electrons in a conductor at \(T = 300K\) generates noise voltage.
  • The instantaneous noise voltage is the sum of the random horizontal velocities of all electrons: \(V_{\text{noise}} \propto \sum_{i=1}^{N} v_{ix}\).
  • By the **Central Limit Theorem (CLT)**, the distribution of this sum should be Gaussian.
  • The bottom plot shows a histogram of the noise voltage, with its Y-axis normalized to represent **Probability Density**.
  • Observe how the simulated density (blue bars) converges to the theoretical Gaussian PDF (orange line).

Thermal Noise Simulation

200

Electron Motion in a Conductor at T = 300K

Noise Voltage Distribution (CLT in action)

Observations